Federal Emergency Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Emergency Management - Case Study Example It is considered a must-have in every fire department and a must read for all fire chiefs so as to help prevent future firefighter fatalities. The Charleston tragedy was both predictable and preventable but due to a sequence of ill-preparedness and ill-advised strategic ideas lives were lost. One of the most important lessons in preparedness that is outlined in the report and forms the focus of this study is the training of firefighting officers at all levels and rank. They should be trained in incident management systems, how to assess the risks involved, formulate and implement strategies and tactics and in the effective use and care of life-saving equipment. The report found that in addition to the risks posed by the building itself such as highly combustible materials in a large area next to a smoking zone and with no warning signs, the large area covered by the loading dock area, no firewalls or sprinklers, among other shortcomings relating to the training of the officers at the Charleston Fire Department also contributed to the unfortunate events of that evening. The officers at the Charleston Fire Department were poorly trained in incident management systems. The firefighting protocol is that the highest ranking officer that arrives at the scene first assumes the position of Incident Commander and initiates operations. The identity of the commander can change during the operation but there can only be one at a time. The Fire Chief and the Assistant Fire Chief did not formally assume command or establish a fixed command post immediately they arrived. They proceeded to join the other firemen already on the scene without an incident management system that would have provided command, control, and coordination of the emergency. Since there was no one that was officially in command, there were two teams that were not to be working in tandem at different areas of the warehouse.

Explain How Products Are Developed Essay Example for Free

Explain How Products Are Developed Essay 3.1.1 The product life cycle (PLC). The product life cycle is used for determining the lifespan of products and there are 4 sub stages of product: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. From 2007 until now, Honda Air Blade has become the most successful line of Honda’s motorbike as well as on market. Since it was born, Honda Air Blade has achieved sales of more than 2 million products. This year, from April to the end of September, Honda Air Blade reaches to 274,563 products. (Zing, 2014) This motorbike has brought more profits and impacted strongly on revenue of company. Honda has had the success with this product line. But in the modern world, to be able to compete with the competitors, Honda needs to improve quality, style of products and consider market prices as well as competitors to make a better product 3.1.2. Branding and brand leadership. a. Branding: A brand is much bigger than just the corporate logo. The brand attributes are formed from the efforts of corporation in the process of marketing communication activities and the character of business. Therefore, corporation needs to have an appropriate strategy to release a good PR campaign to make them more attractive than the competitors. Honda has slogan:† The power of dreams†, easily to remember and it has been very famous around the world. b. Brand leadership: The first appearance of Honda in Vietnam is in 1996, until now has been through 18 years and they have always been one of the forefront in their industry. (Honda, 2014) But now, Vietnam’s market has Yamaha, the biggest rival of Honda and the competition between both will continue for a long time in the future. Consequently, Honda has to use and combine an ingenious of design, advertising, marketing, and corporate culture. It will help create brand attributes in the minds of the people and that this will bring

Training Ground For Murderers Essay examples -- History Historical Ess

Training Ground For Murderers Continued U.S. support for the School of the Americas, an institution that has trained dictators and political assassins, is completely unjustifiable. At seven o’ clock in the morning on December 11, 1981 an evil force entered the small El Salvadorian village of El Mezote (School of Assasins). With painted faces and army fatigues, the guerillas carried machine guns and automatic rifles into the peaceful village. As survivor Rufina Amaya recounts, â€Å"At ten o’clock the soldiers began to kill the men who were in the church. First, they machine-gunned them and slit their throats† (â€Å"Country Sheets for Close it Down Fast!† 3). After the men, the women were placed face down in the dusty streets and shot to death. Amaya remembers listening as, â€Å"they killed four of my children; my nine-year-old, my six-year-old, my three-year-old, and my eight-month-old daughter. My husband was killed, too†¦ I didn’t see them kill the children, but I heard the children’s screams† (3). After days of hiding in the tall grass that surrounded the village, Amaya emerged to find that over 900 of her neighbors had been brutally massacred. Out of the dead, one hundred and thirty children were massacred in the horrific event, including three infants that had been burned alive (School of Assassins; â€Å"Country Sheets for Close it Down Fast!† 3). Who was to blame for the El Mezote massacre? Surprisingly, ten out of twelve of the officers responsible for the massacre were American trained guerillas and attendees of a Latin American military school located in Fort Benning, Georgia; the School of the Americas (Barber 144). Since its creation in 1946, the American government has provided extensive training for over 58,000 soldiers from se... ... April 2002. â€Å"School of the Americas: U.S. Military Training for Latin American Countries.† GAO/NSIAD-96-178. 22 August 1996. Letter Report. 4 April 2002 Schoultz, Lars. National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. â€Å"Taking Stock: Plan Columbia’s First Year.† Columbia Monitor March 2002: 1. United States. Congressional House. Report of the Subcommittee on International Relations. 116 Cong., 2nd sess. H. Rept. June 16, 1999 Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999. United States. Cong. House. Testimony: Charles E. Wilhelm Before Appropriations Committee and Defense Subcommittee. H. Rept. March 3, 1999. Washington: Federal Document Clearing House, Inc. 1999.

History Quizz

Question 1 With few precedents to guide them, the population of Mesopotamia adapted and created AnswerSocial organizationWritingAgricultural cultivationDevelopment of religionCompetition amongst different groups 1 pointsQuestion 2 The earliest urban societies so far known emerged in the AnswerFirst millennium B. C. EThird millennium B. C. ESixth millennium B. C. ESecond millennium B. C. EFourth millennium B. C. E 1 pointsQuestion 3 After 3000 B. C. E. all Sumerian cities were ruled by what form of government? AnswerMonarchyCouncils of elders DictatorsAssemblies of citizensMilitary governors 1 pointsQuestion 4 A Babylonian resurgence of power was led in the sixth century B. C. E. by AnswerNebuchadnezzarAshurbanipalSolomonSargonHammurabi 1 pointsQuestion 5 The creator of the first empire in Mesopotamia was AnswerHammurabiMosesSargon of AkkadGilgameshNebuchadnezzar 1 pointsQuestion 6 Mesopotamian metalworkers discovered that if they alloyed copper and tin they could produce AnswerObsidianSteelIronSilverBronze 1 pointsQuestion 7 The word Mesopotamia means AnswerThe â€Å"pure land. â€Å"The â€Å"land of the strong. â€Å"â€Å"the blood of Gilgamesh. â€Å"â€Å"wedge-shaped. â€Å"â€Å"the land between the rivers. † 1 pointsQuestion 8 Iron metallurgy came to Mesopotamia from the AnswerHebrewsHittitesPhoeniciansEgyptiansAssyrians 1 pointsQuestion 9 Enkidu was AnswerThe Sumerian god of wisdomA leading Sumerian city-stateThe most powerful Babylonian kingGilgamesh's friendThe Hebrew word for â€Å"holy. † 1 pointsQuestion 10 Gilgamesh was associated with what city? AnswerJerusalemKishUrukLagashUr 1 pointsQuestion 11 Horse-drawn chariots were first invented by the AnswerEgyptiansAssyriansHittitesBabyloniansHyksos 1 pointsQuestion 12 Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur, and Kish were all associated with AnswerEgyptNubiaPhoeniciaMesopotamiaJerusalem 1 pointsQuestion 13 The original homeland of the Indo-European speakers was AnswerMesopotamiaNorthern GermanySouthern RussiaIndiaEgypt 1 pointsQuestion 14 A Mesopotamian stepped pyramid was known as a AnswerCopticEriduLugalLex talionisZiggurat 1 pointsQuestion 15 The first complex society was developed in the southern Mesopotamian land of AnswerAkkadAssyriaSumerBabyloniaPalestine 1 pointsQuestion 16 The most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia were the AnswerAssyriansAryansHebrewsBabyloniansHittites 1 pointsQuestion 17 Which of the following languages is not of Indo-European origin? AnswerEgyptianSanskritOld PersianGreekLatin 1 pointsQuestion 18 The first simplified alphabet, containing only twenty-two letters, was created by the AnswerMesopotamiansAssyriansHebrewsPhoeniciansBabylonians 1 pointsQuestion 19 The Babylonians eventually fell in 1595 B. C. E. to the AnswerEgyptiansHittitesSumeriansHebrewsAkkadians 1 pointsQuestion 20 Mesopotamia developed into AnswerA strict patriarchal societyA society where the sexes enjoyed relative equalityA predominantly matriarchal societyA society with few social distinctionsA society dominated by a growing mercantile middle class Miss oneQuestion 1 During the eighth century B. C. E. Egypt fell under the control of the _______ for around a century. AnswerPersiansRomansGreeksBabyloniansKushites 1 pointsQuestion 2 Meroitic writing AnswerHas now been completely translatedExpressed the general Egyptian optimism with lifeWas introduced into India by the Indo-EuropeansWas a Nubian script that borrowed Egyptian hieroglyphsCannot be read because it's simply too different than its base cuneiform 1 pointsQuestion 3 Around _______ B. C. E. , peoples of the eastern Sudan started to domesticate cattle and became nomadic herders. Answer25,00018,000900040001500 1 pointsQuestion 4 In Africa, iron metallurgy AnswerWas introduced by Persian merchantsDid not appear until after the rise of trans-Saharan tradeArose independentlyBegan after an odd meeting between a Kushite king and the Egyptian explorer HarkhufWas imported into the continent by trade with the Mesopotamians 1 pointsQuestion 5 The most vigorous of all New Kingdom pharaohs was __________, who led his troops into Palestine and Syria and who even received tribute from the Mesopotamian city-states. AnswerAhmosisMenesSargon of AkkadTuthmosis IIIHatshepsut 1 pointsQuestion 6 By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by the AnswerIndo-EuropeansMongolsXiongnuVisigothsBabylonians 1 pointsQuestion 7 Hatshepsut was AnswerA Mesopotamian king of the godsThe Hebrew term for their godThe first conqueror to unite all of MesopotamiaA woman who ruled Egypt as pharaohThe most important early city of the Harappan society 1 pointsQuestion 8 The Egyptian god of the underworld was AnswerAmon-ReAtenHorusOsirisPtah 1 pointsQuestion 9 The Bantu probably began their migrations because of AnswerInvasions from the Mediterranean basinA conscious desire for conquestThe threat of epidemic diseaseA desire to spread their monotheistic faithPopulation pressures 1 pointsQuestion 10 The largest Egyptian pyramids were built during the AnswerMiddle KingdomOld KingdomNew KingdomArchaic periodSecond Intermediary period 1 pointsQuestion 11 The early Sudanic societies recognized a single divine force as the source of good and evil, and they associated it with AnswerFireThe oceanThe sunRainThe moon 1 pointsQuestion 12 The Bantu originally came from around AnswerThe Swahili areaModern day NigeriaFar southern AfricaEgyptModern day Algeria 1 pointsQuestion 13 Which of the following societies began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for its life after death? AnswerEgyptMesopotamiaIndiaChinaPersia 1 pointsQuestion 14 Around 760 B. C. E. The Kushite King Kashta AnswerOfficially converted to the Egyptian godsFounded a dynasty that ruled Egypt for around a hundred yearsFormed a long-lasting trading agreement with Egypt, marking their first contactSurrendered to Assyrian dominationSurrendered to Egyptian domination 1 pointsQuestion 15 The Greek words meaning â€Å"holy inscriptions† refers to AnswerHieroglyphsCuneiformThe Old TestamentThe Phoenician alphabetThe Coptic script 1 pointsQuestion 16 __________'s is the largest of all the pyramids. AnswerSargon of AkkadKhufuHyksosMenesGiza 1 pointsQuestion 17 The Hyksos were AnswerNomads who eventually settled around the city of BabylonExternal invaders who helped bring about the end of the Egyptian Middle KingdomMesopotamian kingsThe priestly class in ancient EgyptDemons who punished the wicked in the Egyptian underworld 1 pointsQuestion 18 Around 3100 B. C. E. , the conqueror Menes founded ________, a city that would serve as the capital for early Egypt. AnswerHeliopolisKermaUruk MemphisThebes 1 pointsQuestion 19 Osiris judged whether or not souls were worthy for immortality by AnswerWeighing their hearts against a feather symbolizing justiceTheir completion of a journey full of testsThe individual's level of sincere faith in Osiris as a redeemerExamining their holiness at the moment of their deathTheir adherence to the Code of Hammurabi 1 pointsQuestion 20 Horse-drawn chariots and bronze weapons were introduced into Egypt by the AnswerHyksosBabyloniansKushitesHarappansQin

Brian Martin, in Striking a Needle into Science Essay

Brian Martin, in Striking a Needle into Science stresses the role of partisanship, intervention made in the course of analyzing a case, its impact on the case study and how it affects the views and opinions of the readers. In particular, he made this point by presenting both sides of the controversy, without having to make the conclusion himself. Along this paper will be seen how he argues both for the rejection and acceptance of the theory proposed by Pascal and the supposed publication of the same. Martin utilizes the theory of Pascal in illustrating this point. Pascal made a vast research on the origin of HIV (both HIV 1 and HIV 2) and on the basis of the same and of his knowledge stated that the virus originated from the cultivation of the polio vaccine, particularly cultured through monkeys’ kidneys. The mass vaccination among Africans is said to have started this all and its spread all throughout the countries was made possible through different modes of transfer. The outcome of the said research however was not placed in publication; it was rejected by scientific societies for a reason. Scientific journals refused publication of any of Pascal’s researches and investigation for different reasons. It can be noted however that a few publicists entertained the thought of giving it a chance, considering that Pascal made a thorough investigation stressing his point clear, well supported by appropriate empirical evidence. Martin had been able to collect information both for and against the publication of the same. The point of the analyst in presenting the case is to convey both sides of the controversy; the controversy being the appropriateness of the non-publication of Pascal’s theory by science advocates. In so doing, he gathered evidence and justifications which support the non-publication thereof, obtaining evidence by interviews, written documents and the like of those who support the proposition. In the same way, he gathered pieces of evidence which support the view for the publication of the theory. This is an effective way of presenting a case study. It is to be noted that the analyst never emphasized his own opinion on the appropriateness of the non-publication or the publication of the same, instead, he presented with preciseness and absoluteness the ratiocination of the proponents of both sides, showing the least, if at all, any biases. While the analyst presents the theory supporting the respective claims of the proponents of both sides, he has a different purpose in making the paper. In the course of the discussion, he emphasizes though the relevance, importance and significance of being a non partisan and without intervention in making the paper. In making the case study, he utilizes the modes of interviews, correspondence, gathering of written evidence and documents and particularly makes use of social connections to obtain the necessary information supporting both propositions. In supporting his proposition on non-intervention and his being non-partisan, that is, by presenting both sides of the story, he stresses both the advantages and disadvantages of the controversy. Limiting or supporting one side of the controversy, let say, being a partisan in the course of the case study, Martin opined that this may lead to limited sources of information and thus the impossibility of obtaining a more learned opinion and unbiased statements. Moreover, along the course of the investigation, Martin implicitly stated that in order to satisfy the purpose for which the case study is written, the same must be open to all avenues of discussing the controversies and allowing further studies on the matter when proper. Before proceeding to the next topic, it is important to note at this point of the discussion, the difference on what the analyst wants to convey to the reading public in general, and what his point is. With respect to the public who reads or who will attempt to read his works, he has fulfilled the duty of presenting the controversy, that is, whether or not the theory of Pascal and everything that supports thereto, should be published. Both sides of the controversy are presented by resorting to the ratiocinations and justifications of the proponents of each side. On the other hand, by being the analyst, he presented a different mode of approaching the paper. Initially, he discusses the controversy that he wants to convey to the reading public. Thereafter, he discusses the relevance of obtaining information by resorting to all possible means of doing the same. He indeed, has access to different sources of information and avails of all these in coming up with the case study. His point may not have been understood in the point of view of the readers considering that the readers may understand it as emphasizing and supporting the theory of Pascal, however, his point as the analyst here is the emphasis of non-partisanship in able to present a case study that answers both sides of the controversy. Intertwined with the case study, Martin discusses the relevance and social implications of the controversy. Many science advocates have refused the publication on the theory of Pascal as to the origin of the HIV and how it spreads throughout the various countries in the world, on the other hand, a few of them have supported that indeed there is a need to effect the publication of the work. Among the relevance and social implications of is the medical awareness, health and security among peoples. True, and admittedly, there has been a call for the solution of HIV as a killer disease. By allowing a publication of such kind, taking account further on the qualifications of Pascal and the extensive research he has made on the issue, it opens the possibility of allowing an in-depth and more thorough investigation of the sources, causes of the killer disease to save lives of the people and provide sufficient remedy that is within reach of those afflicted and a mode of prevention to the rest of the world. In addition, Martin’s move of collating all pieces of evidence to support both propositions opens the gate for further scrutiny on the matter at hand. The dissemination of the existence of the theory of Pascal and the discussion made by Martin on it arouses the doubts and such other questions that my have relevance on the veracity of the issue. In this regard, science advocates are thus given the opportunity to refute such an extensive research made by Pascal. Consequently, more researches will be made, a more extensive one basing on more advanced technology and information towards the discovery and even the cure of HIV today. By publication, a researcher or scientist at that is given the opportunity to inform the public of the outcomes and status of current events and their implications on society. In the same way, the discussion on the case study made by Martin had opened the gates of scrutiny of reason to come in allowing a closer look on the veracity and truthfulness of what has been discussed by Pascal in his theory. In the manner of presenting the case study, the author is reflexive in discussing point by point his argument. He considers all possible points that may be argued by some who have opposing views on his discussion. In particularly, being aware that his attempt to explain to publish the theory of Pascal would receive both criticisms, appreciation and approval, by including it in the present case study, Martin presents the arguments of those who have rejected the idea of publication and likewise those who have approved the same. This is an attempt to counter in advance possible oppositions that advocates on the controversy may interpose. From the discussion, it can be seen his awareness to defend all at the same time the theory of Pascal, which is not only because of his superb qualifications on the matter at hand but also on the basis of the extensive research and knowledge of the author on the issue; and likewise the arguments for or against the publication. This did not however effectively foreclose the possibility of further investigation and research considering that every controversy particularly where social relevance is high is involved. In sum, the case study is both an attempt to publish what otherwise would not have allowed publication as in the case of the theory of Pascal; and at the same time an attempt to discuss the relevance of being able to obtain all information possible to stress the point. The case study is a combination of scientific investigation as a matter of substance and as a matter of procedure. Martin, as the analyst, stresses both points by ensuring a thorough discussion on the substantive aspect of the scientific proposition of Pascal and on the relevance of being able to gather information for or against the same. From the case study, it is observed that Martin had attained these two goals at the same time by the presentation of conflicting arguments on a single issue stressing at the same time the social relevance of HIV not only in a number of places in Africa but all throughout the world. In the point of view of the readers, the case study has a scientific relevance, that is, the discovery of the origin of HIV and the subsequent cure of the same (although recently, medical science experts have offered a cure of it). On the other hand, in the point of view of the analyst, the case study comes in two parts, that is, the presentation of the scientific relevance of the then medical controversy (which is currently already deemed curable) and the emphasis of being able to obtain all information possible to obtain such information. Being a non-partisan indeed allows access to both sides of a story, and as an analyst, Martin has just effectively done it!

Using a Collocation Dictionary to Improve Your English

Using a Collocation Dictionary to Improve Your English One of the least appreciated tools for learning English is using a collocation dictionary. A collocation can be defined as words that go together. In other words, certain words tend to go with other words. If you think about how you use your own language for a moment, youll quickly recognize that you tend to speak in phrases or groups of words that go together in your mind. We speak in chunks of language. For example: Im tired of waiting for the bus this afternoon. An English speaker doesnt think of ten separate words, rather they think in the phrases Im tired of waiting for the bus and this afternoon. Thats why sometimes you may say something correctly in English, but it just doesnt sound right. For example: Im tired of standing for the bus this afternoon. To someone whos imaging the situation standing for the bus, makes sense, but standing goes together with in line. So, while the sentence makes sense, it isnt really correct. As students improve their English, they tend to learn more phrases and idiomatic language. Its also important to learn collocations. In fact, Id say its the single most under-used tool by most students. A thesaurus is very helpful to find synonyms and antonyms, but a collocations dictionary can help you learn the right phrases in context.   I recommend the Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English, but there are other collocation resources available such as concordance databases. Using a Collocation Dictionary Tips Try these exercises to help you use a collocations dictionary to improve your vocabulary. 1. Choose a Profession Choose a profession you are interested in. Go to the Occupational Outlook site and read the specifics of the profession. Take note of common terms that are used. Next, look up those terms in a collocations dictionary to extend your vocabulary by learning appropriate collocations. Example Aircraft and Avionics Key words from Occupational Outlook: equipment, maintenance, etc. From the collocations dictionary: Equipment Adjectives: the latest, modern, state-of-the-art, high-tech, etc.Types of Equipment: medical equipment, radar equipment, telecom equipment, etc.Verb Equipment: provide equipment, supply equipment, install equipment, etc.  Phrases: the proper equipment, the right equipment From the collocations dictionary: Maintenance Adjectives: annual, daily, regular, long-term, preventive, etc.Types of Maintenance: building maintenance, software maintenance, health maintenance, etc.Verb Maintenance: carry out maintenance, perform maintenance, etc.Maintenance Noun: maintenance personnel, maintenance costs, maintenance schedule, etc.   2. Choose an Important Term Choose an important term that you might use on a daily basis at work, school, or home. Look the word up in the collocations dictionary. Next, imagine a related situation and write a paragraph or more using important collocations to describe it. The paragraph will repeat the keyword too often, but this is an exercise. By repeatedly using your key term, youll create a link in your mind to a wide variety of collocations with your target word.   Example Key Term: Business Situation: Negotiating a contract Example Paragraph Were working on a business deal with an investment company who carries on business with profitable businesses throughout the world. We set up the business two years ago, but weve been very successful due to our business strategy. The CEOs business acumen is outstanding, so were looking forward to conducting business with them. The companys business headquarters are located in Dallas, Texas. Theyve been in business for more than fifty years, so we expect their business experience to be the best in the world. 3. Use the Collocations You Learn Make a list of important collocations. Commit to using at least three of the collocations each day in your conversations. Try it, its more difficult than you might think, but it really helps with memorizing new words.

Intercultural Communication

Intercultural Communication Anyone who has visited or lived in a different country will notice that people speak and interact in different ways from what people in other cultures are commonly used to. These differences in cultural, religious and ethnic backgrounds are what are used to explain intercultural communication.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Intercultural communication is defined as a type of global communication that is used by individuals from different religious, social, ethnic and educational backgrounds. It seeks to provide an understanding of how people from various cultures communicate in the global context by providing the forms of communication used in these cultures. As a field of research, intercultural communication provides in-depth information on the various communication and interactional situations that people from different ethnic backgrounds and communitie s find themselves in and also how they interact with people from different cultures (Gudykunst 2003). Intercultural communication also focuses on the attributes and perceptions of people who are termed to be intercultural so as to explain the types of communication strategies and practices they engage during networking sessions. Interculturality is an essential aspect of intercultural communication because it is able to capture the complex phenomenon of cross-cultural interactions. It talks about the various cultures that exist in the world as well as the ethnic backgrounds of different people and how this affects interactions and communication. Intercultural communication combines the concepts of interculturality and discussion to gain a useful insight into the theories and frameworks that form this concept (Hess-Luttich, 2003). There are various theories which have been developed to explain the concept of intercultural communication some of which include the theories focusing on c ommunication networks, theories focusing on effective outcomes, theories on accommodation, negotiation and management theories and theories based on acculturation and adjustment (Gudykunst 2003). The purpose of this study will be to evaluate the various theories and frameworks that are used to explain pragmatic intercultural concepts. Theories on Intercultural Communication As mentioned in the introductory part of the essay, there are various theories that have been developed to explain the pragmatic concepts that make up intercultural communication. One of these theories is the theory of effective outcomes and an example of this theory is cultural convergence.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The cultural convergence theory explains intercultural communication to be a type of communication system that begins to form in a relatively closed social system where i nteractions between members are unrestricted. Cultural convergence occurs when members within such a system begin to converge together over a particular time to form a more excellent cultural uniformity meaning communication interactions will be similar amongst all the members in the group. In the case of a restricted social system, cultural convergence within the society will diverge towards a diverse state of uniformity where they are able to adopt the various communication practices of members who exist in other communities (Wiseman, 2003). The theories focusing on accommodation or adaption explain intercultural communication to be the use of linguistic strategies that are meant to decrease or increase the distances that exist in cross-cultural communication interactions. The theories that fall under this category include communication accommodation theories, intercultural adaption theories and co-cultural theories. The communication accommodation theories explain intercultural c ommunication as the type of strategies, techniques, or approaches that are used to bridge the gap that exists between people of a different cultural setting. Intercultural adaption, on the other hand, explains intercultural communication to be how people from a diverse cultural background adapt to the communication needs of others especially in purpose-related encounters which necessitate the adaption of cultural factors (Griffin, 2000). The co-cultural theory explains intercultural communication to be the interactions that exist amongst under-represented or dominant cultural groups. This theory explains co-cultures to include people of a different color or ethnic race, women, homosexuals, lower-class people and people who are disabled. This theory, therefore, seeks to address the communication needs of these groups of people by providing an explanation for how different people are able to communicate (Griffin, 2000).  Identity management theories are also a form of intercultural communication theory developed to explain the cross-cultural aspect of communication where intercultural communication under this theory is seen to originate from the intercultural and intracultural types of speakers from the same and different cultures. This theory developed by William R. Cupach and Tadasu Todd Imahori focuses on the multiple identities that various individuals possess as well as the cultural and relational identities that are regarded to form part of the identity management theory. In this theory, Cupach and Imahori claim that the individual identity of a person reveals the various faucets of their cultural background.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These theory looks at intercultural communication as an act of trial and error that addresses similar aspects in individual identities, a form of mixing up the identities of communicators so as to achieve a relational identity that is acceptable to all participants and a kind of distinctive cultural identity that helps to establish relations with people that possess different relational identities (Gudykunst, 2003). The identity negotiation theory refers to the various processes that people have to go through for them to reach an agreement with others in regards to the type of relationships they will have with other people. The double swing model of identity negotiation focuses on how individuals, cultures and intercultural notions change the course of communication and translational exchanges. This intercultural theory is referred to as double model because it shows that both communication parties play the role of the addresser and addressee. Intercultural communication is seen as an infinite process that allows the two participants of the communication process to change during the meeting (Lindner, 2009). All these three theories focus on explaining the importance of an individual’s identity in understanding intercultural communication. The theories of communication networks explain intercultural communication to be a pattern of contact that is created by the flow of messages between various communicators. These theories argue that for cross-cultural communication to take place, the concept of the message has to be understood by all parties in the communication network. This will, therefore, require gaining an understanding of data, information, knowledge, images and symbols that can be moved from one point of the network to another (Monge Contractor, 2003). Communication networks take many forms in either organizational or individual contexts and they can include personal contact networks, strategic alliances that have been developed between two companies, a global communication between various organizations and a network flow of information between two or more groups. The theories that are used to explain communication networks in int ercultural communication include networks and out-group communication competencies which highlight the cross-cultural communication networks between groups and intracultural vs. intercultural networks which discusses the language used by speakers from the same and different cultures (Monge Contractor, 2003). These communication network theories explain intercultural communication to be a network of information, data, opinions and ideas that have originated from the cultural backgrounds of individuals from different ethnic and religious backgrounds.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theories that focus on acculturation and adjustment explain intercultural communication to be a collaborative effort in which two strangers from different cultural backgrounds are engaged in a joint effort within a receiving environment. Acculturation is the exchanging of features that make up culture and concepts resulting in a group of individuals who have different cultures coming into first-hand contact with the original cultural patterns. It merely focuses on how people can be able to adjust to another cultural context in the event they are placed in one by circumstances. The theories that fall under acculturation and adjustment include communication acculturation, anxiety/uncertainty management and assimilation or deviance states of acculturation (Kim, 1995). Communication acculturation refers to how cross-cultural adaption takes place as a collaborative effort between various individuals from separate cultural backgrounds so as to form a collaborative effort for communica tion. Anxiety or uncertainty management as a theory of acculturation defines intercultural communication to be the uncertain exchanges that people from different cultural backgrounds have with others they have just met. When strangers communicate with hosts for the first time, they experience a certain level of anxiety and uncertainty, which is mostly brought about by intercultural backgrounds. Strangers need to manage their uncertainty when they are communicating with other people effectively according to this theory which will enable them to manage their behavior as well as predict their host’s behavior (Griffin, 2000). The theory of assimilation and deviance explains acculturation as a type of adaptation and adaption to temporary outcomes of the intercultural communication process that exists between strangers and hosts. This theory explains intercultural communication to be either the alienation or assimilation of a group of intercultural individuals leading to deviant or morally upright behavior (Gudykunst, 2005). The face negotiation theory, which is another relevant theory of intercultural communication propagates that the root cause of conflicts, especially in intercultural communication, is mostly brought about by identity management on an individual and cultural level. These individual and cultural levels are what are referred to as faces meaning that they reflect the public image of an individual and group which are evaluated by an intercultural society based on cultural norms and values (Ting-Toomey, 2005). The conflict in this type of intercultural communication arises when a group or individual from a specific cultural society is threatened by others from a different ethnic society. The theoretical assumption that forms the basis for this theory is that culture plays an essential part in influencing how people communicate and manage intercultural confrontations within their societies. Culture in this theory of intercultural communication p rovides a theoretical frame of reference for individuals and groups during essential interactions. The face-negotiation theory addresses conflicts through the use of three goals that lead to conflicts during the communication process and these goals include content, relational and identity. Content goals are defined as the external issues that individuals view to be important while relational conflict goals are the types of conflict that arise when individuals try to define their relationship with other members in the same situation of conflict (Katre et al, 2010). Identity conflict goals are those that are related to identity confirmation, respect and approval of members involved in the same confrontational situation. These three goals are related to culture and they explain how the face-negotiation theory fosters intercultural communication (Katre et al., 2010). Other assumptions that are used to explain this are that communication in different cultures is usually based on maintai ning positive interactions while at the same time negotiating conflicts and the face plays an important role when identities of communicators are put into question as a result of potential conflicts. This theory also assumes that competency which arises during intercultural communication is usually as a result of knowledge and mindfulness on the part of the communicators. Behavior also plays an essential role in the face-negotiation theory because it can be influenced by cultural variances as well as individual and relational factors (Katre et al., 2010). The face-negotiation theory is essential when it comes to explaining intercultural communication because it focuses on both cultural and individual/group levels. The individualistic and collectivistic cultures that fall under this theory explain intercultural communication to be a form of maintaining and resolving conflicts which arise during intercultural confrontations. Low-context and high-context communication that takes place under the face negotiation theory determine the kind verbal interaction styles that will be used by communicators (interaction approaches, indirect verbal negotiation and subtle nonverbal approaches) to reduce the incidence of conflicts when communicating (Katre et al., 2010). Conclusion The theories focused on in this evaluation all explain intercultural communication to be a global form of establishing and maintaining open lines of dialogue between people of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The evaluation has provided a useful insight into the importance of this theories and also how they perceive intercultural communication. References Griffin, E., (2000). A first look at communication theory. Boston, Massachusetts:  McGraw Hill Publishers Gudykunst, W.B., (2003) Intercultural communication theories. Thousand Oaks,  California: Sage Publications Gudykunst, W.B., (2005). Theorizing about intercultural communication. Thousand  Oaks, California: Sage Publications Hes s-Luttich, E.W., (2003). Intercultural communication. Studies in Communication  Sciences, 3(2): 41-58 Katre, D., Orngreen, R., Yammiyavar, P., (2010). Human work interaction design.  New York: Springer Science Kim, Y.Y., (1995). Cross-cultural adaption: an integrative theory. Thousand Oaks,  California: Sage Publications Lindner, E., (2009). Emotion and conflict: how human rights can dignify emotion and  help us wage good conflict. New York: Greenwood Publishing Monge, P.R., Contractor, N.S., (2003). Theories of communication networks. New  York: Oxford University Press Ting-Toomey, S., (2005). The matrix of face: an updated face-negotiation theory.  Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Wiseman, R.L., (2003). Intercultural communication competence. Thousand Oaks,  California: Sage Publications.

Explore Neptune’s Frigid Moon Triton

Explore Neptune’s Frigid Moon Triton When the Voyager 2 spacecraft swept past the planet Neptune in 1989, no one was quite sure what to expect of its largest moon, Triton. Seen from Earth, its just a tiny point of light visible through a strong telescope. However, up-close, it showed off a water-ice surface split by geysers that shoot nitrogen gas up into the thin, frigid atmosphere. It not only was weird, the icy surface sported terrains never before seen. Thanks to Voyager 2 and its mission of exploration, Triton showed us just how strange a distant world can be. Triton: The Geologically Active Moon There arent too many active moons in the solar system. Enceladus at Saturn is one (and has been studied extensively by the Cassini mission), as is Jupiters tiny volcanic moon Io. Each of these has a form of volcanism; Enceladus has ice geysers and volcanoes while Io spouts out molten sulfur. Triton, not to be left out, is geologically active, too. Its activity is cryovolcanism - producing the kind of volcanoes that spew ice crystals instead of molten lava rock. Tritons cryovolcanoes spew material out from beneath the surface, which implies some heating from within this moon. Tritons geysers are located close to whats called the subsolar point, the region of the moon directly receiving the most sunlight. Given that its very cold out at Neptune, sunlight isnt nearly as strong as it is at Earth, so something in the ices is very sensitive to sunlight, and that weakens the surface. Pressure from material below pushes out cracks and vents in the thin shell of ice that covers Triton. That lets the nitrogen gas and plumes of dust blast out and into the atmosphere. These geysers can erupt for fairly long periods of time - up to a year in some cases. Their eruption plumes lay down streaks of dark material across the pale pinkish ice. Creating a Cantaloupe Terrain World The ice depots on Triton are mainly water, with patches of frozen nitrogen and methane. At least, thats what the southern half of this moon shows. Thats all Voyager 2 could image as it went by; the northern part was in shadow. Nonetheless, planetary scientists suspect that the northern pole looks similar to the southern region. Icy lava has been deposited across the landscape, forming pits, plains, and ridges. The surface also has some of the weirdest landforms ever seen in the form of cantaloupe terrain. Its called that because the fissures and ridges look like the skin of a cantaloupe. Its probably the oldest of Tritons icy surface units and is made up of dusty water ice. The region probably formed when material under the icy crust rose up and then sank back down again, which unsettled the surface. Its also possible that ice floods could have caused this weird crusty surface. Without followup images, its hard to get a good feel for possible causes of the cantaloupe terrain. How Did Astronomers Find Triton? Triton is not a recent  discovery in the annals of solar system exploration. It was actually found in 1846 by astronomer William Lassell. He was studying Neptune just after its discovery, looking for any possible moons in orbit around this distant planet. Because Neptune is named after the Roman god of the sea (who was the Greek Poseidon), it seemed appropriate to name its moon after another Greek sea god whose was fathered by Poseidon. It didnt take long for astronomers to figure out that Triton was weird in at least one way: its orbit. It circles Neptune in retrograde - that is, opposite to Neptunes rotation. For that reason, its very likely that Triton didnt form when Neptune did. In fact, it probably had nothing to do with Neptune but was captured by the planets strong gravity as it passed by. No one is quite sure where Triton originally formed, but its quite likely it was born as part of the Kuiper Belt of icy objects. It stretches outwards from the orbit of Neptune. The Kuiper Belt is also the home of frigid Pluto, as well as a selection of dwarf planets. Tritons fate is not to orbit Neptune forever. In a few billion years, it will wander too close to Neptune, within a region called the Roche limit. Thats the distance where a moon will start to break up due to gravitational influence. Exploration After Voyager 2 No other spacecraft has studied Neptune and Triton up close. However, after the Voyager 2 mission, planetary scientists have used Earth-based telescopes to measure Tritons atmosphere by watching as distant stars slipped behind it. Their light could then be studied for telltale signs of gases in Tritons thin blanket of air. Planetary scientists would like to explore Neptune and Triton further, but no missions have been selected to do so, yet. So, this pair of distant worlds will remain unexplored for the time being, until someone comes up with a lander that could settle down among the cantaloupe hills of Triton and send back more information.

Examine the Importance of Corporate Governance on Bank Risk Management Essay

Examine the Importance of Corporate Governance on Bank Risk Management - Essay Example It is also a process to maintain proper supervision over the functions of the employees, thereby controlling the flow of information inside the hierarchy. Thus, corporate governance is mainly utilised by various organisations in order to endorse corporate equality, transparency and responsibility among the members, which helps to enhance their motivation and morale, thereby improving the efficiency of an organisation. Moreover, it also ensures that proper management information is transmitted among the employees in order to maintain uniformity and justice in the organisation. This would be beneficial both for the organisation and the employees. Thus, with the help of corporate governance, proper control mechanisms can be ensured in order to maintain the business operations in a systematic and effective way. Hence, it can be depicted that the framework of corporate governance is also utilised for retaining an appropriate balance among the members of an organisation (International Fina nce Corporation, 2010). ... It can be observed that the penetration of corporate governance increased by a considerable extent in this recent era in order to condense the corporate scandals occurring in global markets (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2002). The paper mainly describes the importance and the benefits of corporate governance in organisations. Along with this, it also highlights the significant impact of corporate governance in managing the risks associated with banks. Importance of Corporate Governance on Bank Risk Management Corporate governance is the system by which business conglomerates are directed and managed in order to attain business objectives. Moreover, in modern times, corporate governance is implemented in most of the organisations as a strategic policy in order to handle the threats in a challenging way. The prime objective behind this approach is to eradicate financial and other risks. Corporate governance is unswervingly related with risk management of any financial organ isation, thereby acting as an umbrella to protect its perspectives (Colley, 2003). Risk management in financial institutions is most common as compared to other sectors. This is due to the fact that it mainly deals with fiscal instruments, thereby controlling both market and credit risks in a tactful way. It is so because financial risk can lead to economic downturn along with recession in the whole economy (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2002). Hence, corporate governance is extremely important in banks as it would enhance public faith and confidence, which is very essential for their efficient running. Thus, poor corporate governance in banks may lead to operations failure, which might cause considerable

GOTHIC AND TABOO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GOTHIC AND TABOO - Essay Example In England, it was marked by the vertical lines and a four-centered arch with fan vaulting and was between the 14th and the 15th centuries. Gothic writing as earlier mentioned is said to be old fashioned, therefore, their form of writing is Frankenstein (Schultz, p 34). This book was meant to be of artistic value that was characterized by gloomy and mystery and grotesque features. When a person imaginary self is the issue of one of these conventions then, it is specialized in the following manner. It is the place of the self to be extremely blocked off from something to which it should normally to have the right of entry (Schultz, p 35). This something can be its past, the details of its kin history; it can be an open atmosphere, when the nature has been buried when still breathing. It might be a combination of life or a lover (Sedgwick 17). Usually, there is both something going on inside the segregation and something hugely relevant going on incredibly out of reach (Schultz, p 31). While the three top elements take (Sedgwick 12). On the most varied guise, the terms of the association are incontrovertible. The self contains everything that the outside possess including appropriate, ordinary, essential relationship to one another. It also contains the swiftly incompetent of making (Goldsmith, pp.23-28). Both the inside and outside life have to continue independently, becoming counterparts rather than allies, the affiliation between them one of the parallels and correspondences rather than contact. This, though it may happen in an instantaneous, is a fundamental reorganization, creating doublings where singleness should be (Goldsmith, Being Dumb). Finally, the failure of restoring them to their initial being is the most feature energies of the Gothic novel (Goldsmith, the Colbert Report). From the novel, it can be scrutinized that the most heinous violence and the most dreadful situations of Uncanny are not occurring.

Observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Observation - Essay Example He is one of those people who have the talent for making a person feel really welcome. Though the shop is located in the suburbs, in a sparse neighborhood, yet all sorts of people prefer to visit this place owing to its rustic appeal, the social variety it offers, the jovial nature of old Joe and to have a cup of good coffee and a hearty cheese sandwich at a warm and friendly place. It is early morning and I am here to have breakfast after working long hours on a particularly difficult English assignment. As usual old Joe is sitting behind the counter, placing his chubby hands gently over his generous belly, passing a broad smile to every new visitor. I am rubbing my sleepy eyes, trying to get rid of the fatigue that has overtaken me. Going by the early hours most of the tables are still unoccupied. An aged couple is occupying the table to the left of me. They must be in their seventies. The husband is slowly munching a cheese sandwich while the wife is looking at him with tender eyes. Both of them are quiet, focusing more on the breakfast. The table in front of me has three young people sitting there, one boy and two girls, all the three in their early twenties, loudly laughing and chuckling as they talk over the breakfast. The table in the ill lit corner is occupied by a tall man with grizzled hair who looks really handsome. He is accompanied by a lady who seems to be a bit over weight, but otherwise cute. Both seem to be engaged in some intimate conversation, totally oblivious of other people in the shop. The place is gradually warming up with more people walking in. Here come a group of college students, five of them, three gents and two girls, all of them really loud. Being lost in my reveries I am not able to grab much of their conversation except for the bits and pieces like â€Å"History†, â€Å"Kills’, â€Å"missed the class†, â€Å"What a bore!†. Perhaps they are talking about the history

International Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing Management - Assignment Example The product we are going to launch in Pakistan would not be a standard product for the rest of the countries, because it has to be in accordance with the preferences of Pakistanis. Like for example Pizza Hut is operating globally but the pizza you are going to eat in Pakistan compared with pizzas available in other countries' Pizza Hut would be much different as people in Pakistan like spicy food, even the names they have given to the types of pizzas available here are mostly in Urdu language which is the national language of Pakistan. I think that this kind of strategies would be an added advantage for the company. Our ice cream dessert would be available in a packed rectangular box, containing two packets. One will contain the powder form of ice cream dessert which needs to be dissolved in milk, according to the given directions on the box. Another packet will contain the fruit topping, to be served with the dessert. In the preparation of the dessert the temperature of the country needs to be considered. Secondly, the ingredients should be halal i.e. acceptable by the Muslim state. The name we have given to our dessert is 'Summer Delight' because almost for the eight to nine months the weather remains hot in Pakistan. The logo is 'cannot avoid the bite'. Targeting youth segmen... Targeting youth segment of Pakistan would give you an idea of a developing nation where competition and advancements are growing really fast. You might think that as this country is in its development phase, where approximately 30% people are below poverty line, then how would it be possible for the youth population to spend on the desserts The answer is simple. There are thousands of people who can afford and are interested in buying and consuming these items, at a place where there are a few competitors, where youth segment is ready for changes and easily accept and adopt foreign products (Pakistan, 2001). The young generation of Pakistan, aged between 10 - 35 years depending on situations, is a quick decision maker and they are more concerned about the fashion and trend that is going to come in the market. Basically they are ambitious kind of people and always want to be the innovators rather than followers. So if a product fulfils their demands then they are absolutely going to try it. At present for the youth market, the only constant thing is 'change'. Through various communication channels like internet, telephone, newspapers, television programs from all over the world, they are at all times in search of innovative ideas and notions. For a company to target the youth, it has to be adaptable and would be ready and effective for all sorts of integrations, only then it would be possible to catch them and then to retain them (Youth, 2007). Customer's buying behaviour: The buying behaviour of the customer varies significantly depending on the features of the product. For example if a person is interested in buying a car then he will take some time in making the decision because it is complex buying and involves high prices. Our product does not require too much

Genetic problems , down syndrome, hurlintong disease, diabetes, and Research Paper

Genetic problems , down syndrome, hurlintong disease, diabetes, and turner syndrome - Research Paper Example Sometimes errors can occur in the transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring or in the structure of the genetic material causing serious disorders in human beings. Structural chromosomal abnormalities arise when different enzymes are not able to repair several breaks in the pattern of chromosomes or even if they are able to do so these repairs are not specific enough to avoid the abnormality. These can be caused by chemicals, radiations, viruses, or any other type of abnormal event. These structural abnormalities are classified into four main classes respectively. These are Deletions, Translocations, Inversions and Ring Chromosome (Langman & Sadler 2006; Robbins et al 2005). Other names of deletion are gene deletion and deficiency mutation. Deletion is that type of genetic abnormality in which a sequence of DNA is absent in the chromosome or a part of chromosome is absent. It results in the loss of the genetic material from the chromosome. Translocation is also genetic aberration which occurs due to the rearrangement of the different parts of chromosome with nonhomologous chromosomes. Translocations are of two types that are reciprocal translocations and Robertsonian translocations. Reciprocal translocation is the translocation of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosome. These type of chromosomal translocations are harmless. When the two acrocentric chromosome fuse near the centromere resulting in loss of the short arm, this type of translocation is called Robertsonian translocation. In Robertsonian translocation the resulting karyotype in humans is 45 chromosomes. Inversion is that type of chromosomal abnormality in which a part of chromosome is split and introduced back to the same chromosome. Inversion is basically the aberration in a single chromosome itself and is not associated to other homologous or nonhomologous chromosome. Inversions are of two types paracentric and pericentric.

International Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing Management - Assignment Example The product we are going to launch in Pakistan would not be a standard product for the rest of the countries, because it has to be in accordance with the preferences of Pakistanis. Like for example Pizza Hut is operating globally but the pizza you are going to eat in Pakistan compared with pizzas available in other countries' Pizza Hut would be much different as people in Pakistan like spicy food, even the names they have given to the types of pizzas available here are mostly in Urdu language which is the national language of Pakistan. I think that this kind of strategies would be an added advantage for the company. Our ice cream dessert would be available in a packed rectangular box, containing two packets. One will contain the powder form of ice cream dessert which needs to be dissolved in milk, according to the given directions on the box. Another packet will contain the fruit topping, to be served with the dessert. In the preparation of the dessert the temperature of the country needs to be considered. Secondly, the ingredients should be halal i.e. acceptable by the Muslim state. The name we have given to our dessert is 'Summer Delight' because almost for the eight to nine months the weather remains hot in Pakistan. The logo is 'cannot avoid the bite'. Targeting youth segmen... Targeting youth segment of Pakistan would give you an idea of a developing nation where competition and advancements are growing really fast. You might think that as this country is in its development phase, where approximately 30% people are below poverty line, then how would it be possible for the youth population to spend on the desserts The answer is simple. There are thousands of people who can afford and are interested in buying and consuming these items, at a place where there are a few competitors, where youth segment is ready for changes and easily accept and adopt foreign products (Pakistan, 2001). The young generation of Pakistan, aged between 10 - 35 years depending on situations, is a quick decision maker and they are more concerned about the fashion and trend that is going to come in the market. Basically they are ambitious kind of people and always want to be the innovators rather than followers. So if a product fulfils their demands then they are absolutely going to try it. At present for the youth market, the only constant thing is 'change'. Through various communication channels like internet, telephone, newspapers, television programs from all over the world, they are at all times in search of innovative ideas and notions. For a company to target the youth, it has to be adaptable and would be ready and effective for all sorts of integrations, only then it would be possible to catch them and then to retain them (Youth, 2007). Customer's buying behaviour: The buying behaviour of the customer varies significantly depending on the features of the product. For example if a person is interested in buying a car then he will take some time in making the decision because it is complex buying and involves high prices. Our product does not require too much

Partnerships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Partnerships - Essay Example opriate information may indicate that it is better for the organization to adapt ways that would eliminate any existing limitations instead of remaining independent. This brings the idea of partnership. In addition, an organization can empower its employees through sharing information with them. This would help the employees in making the most appropriate decisions concerning partnerships since they have adequate information beforehand. Moreover, empowerment through creation of clear goals as well as objectives would aid in empowering the employees to make goal-oriented decisions. For instance, the employees might suggest establishment of partnerships as the main way of realizing specific goals as they are well informed on the goals of the organization. Furthermore, creating an environment that encourages making mistakes through taking risks would also be helpful in establishment of partnerships. This would encourage the employees to try new things with the customers and encourage ot hers to do the same. However, berating an individual for trying something would keep others from doing the same and hamper creativity and development in the organization. From an experience perspective, my employer does not punish or even yell at us, the employees, for having introduced a customer to a new idea and asking them to try it. Instead, my employer encourages us to continue trying new things and rewards those successful in developing new ideas. This has extended to the point that risk taking is a competitive advantage that our organization uses to compete in the

George Mead Theory Essay Example for Free

George Mead Theory Essay â€Å"the self is something which has a development; it is not initially there, at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity, that is, develops in the given individual as a result of his relations to that process as a whole and to other individuals within that process.† * was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists * He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general. * Mead is well-known for his theory of the social self, which is based on the central argument that the self is a social emergent. * Mead’s most widely read work, Mind, Self and Society, gives priority to society over the mind and highlights the idea that the social leads to the development of mental states. * Mind is a process, not a thing, and it is found in social phenomena rather than within individuals. * The self occupies a central place in Mead’s theory. * Self is essentially a social structure and it arises in social experience. It is the unique combination of the roles and individual play in relation to others – the complex blending of individual motivations and socially desirable responses. * The self consists of an â€Å"I† which the active side and as object, called â€Å"me†. * Infants begin with no self. As they learn to use the language and other symbols, the self emerges through play which involves taking the roles of significant others. * Gradually children move from simpler games to more complex ones involving others such as team sports. Mead called this generalized others to refer to the general cultural norms and values people use as references in evaluating others. * Mead defines self as the ability to take oneself as an object and identifies basic mechanism of the development of the self as reflexivity the ability to put ourselves into the place of others and acts as they act. * Self can arise only through social experiences, and the traces its development to two stages in childhood: the play stage and game stage. * Play stage – children learn how to take the attitude of particular others themselves. * Game stage – children learn how to take the role of many others and the attitude of the generalized other. * I – is the immediate response of an individual to others; it is unpredictable and creative aspect of the self. * Me – is the organized set of attitudes of others that an individual assumes; it is how society dominates the individual and is a source of social control. Mead’s theory on social self * The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the product of social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction. It is not initially there at birth but arises in the process of social experience and activity. * Language – allows individuals to take on the â€Å"role of the other† and allows people to respond to his or her own gestures in terms of symbolized attitudes of others. * Is communication via â€Å"significant symbols† and it is through significant communication that the individual is able to take the attitudes of others toward his/herself. Language is not only a â€Å"necessary mechanism† of the mind, but also the primary social foundation of self. * Play – individuals take on the roles of other people and pretend to be those other people in order to express the expectation of significant others. * This process of role-playing is the key to generation of self-consciousness and to the general development of the self. * In the play, the child takes the role of another and acts as though he/she were the other. This form of role-playing involves a single role at a time. Thus, the other which comes into the child’s experience in play is a â€Å"specific other† * Game – individual is required to internalize the roles of all others who are involved with him or her in the game and must comprehend the rules of the game. * Is the stage of social process at which * Generalized other- organized and generalized attitude of a social group. * consists of a composite of all those who contribute and participate in ones society * The individual defines his or her own behavior with reference to the generalized attitude of the social group(s) they occupy. When an individual can view him/herself from the standpoint of the generalized other, self-consciousness in the full sense of the terms is attained. * Me – represents the expectations and the attitudes of others (generalized others). It is the organized set of attitudes others that the individual assumes. * Is the social self * The organized set of attitudes of others which one himself assumes * is that part of the self which comes about as a result of the individuals internalization of societys values and behavior expectations * I – is the response to the â€Å"me†, or the person’s individuality. * Response of the organism to the attitudes of others * is that part of the self which is spontaneous * Self – develops by internalizing the norms of one’s society * Significant other are those with whom the individual has an important relationship

Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms: An Overview

Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms: An Overview Pancreatic cancer often goes undetected until its advanced and difficult to treat. In the vast majority of cases, symptoms only develop after pancreatic cancer has grown and begun to spread. Because more than 95% of pancreatic cancer is the adenocarcinoma type, well describe those symptoms first, followed by symptoms of rare forms of pancreatic cancer. Recommended Related to Pancreatic Cancer Understanding Pancreatic Cancer the Basics The pancreas is an organ located behind your stomach next to the top of the small intestine. It is about six inches long but is less than 2 inches wide and functions as two separate organs. It has two big manufacturing jobs in the body: It makes digestive juices that help the intestines break down food. It produces hormones including insulin that regulate the bodys use of sugars and starches. The pancreas is divided into three sections: the head, the body, and the tail. The Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms: Location Matters Initially, pancreatic cancer tends to be silent and painless as it grows. By the time its large enough to cause symptoms, pancreatic cancer has generally grown outside the pancreas. At this point, symptoms depend on the cancers location within the pancreas: Pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas tends to cause symptoms such as weight loss, jaundice (yellow skin), dark urine, light stool color, itching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, back pain, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Pancreatic cancer in the body or tail of the pancreas usually causes belly and/or back pain and weight loss. In general, symptoms appear earlier from cancers in the head of the pancreas, compared to those in the body and tail. Pancreatic Cancer: Gastrointestinal Symptoms Because pancreatic cancer grows around important areas of the digestive system, gastrointestinal symptoms often predominate: Abdominal pain. More than 80% of people with pancreatic cancer eventually experience some abdominal pain as the tumor grows. Pancreatic cancer can cause a dull ache in the upper abdomen radiating to the back. The pain may come and go. Bloating. Some people with pancreatic cancer have a sense of early fullness with meals (satiety) or an uncomfortable swelling in the abdomen. Nausea Diarrhea Pale-colored stools. If the duct draining bile into the intestine is blocked by pancreatic cancer, the stools may lose their brown color and become pale or clay-colored. Urine may become darker. Pancreatic Cancer: Constitutional (Whole-Body) Symptoms As it grows and spreads, pancreatic cancer affects the whole body. Constitutional symptoms can include: Weight loss Malaise Loss of appetite Elevated blood sugars. Some people with pancreatic cancer develop diabetes as the cancer impairs the pancreas ability to produce insulin. (However, the vast majority of people with a new diagnosis of diabetes do not have pancreatic cancer.) Pancreatic Cancer: Skin Symptoms Jaundice: As pancreatic cancer blocks the duct that releases bile into the intestine (common bile duct), the ingredients of bile build up in the blood. This turns the skin and the eyes yellow, a condition called jaundice. The same blockage causes dark urine and light-colored stools. Itching: People with pancreatic cancer sometimes report itching all over. Blockage of the bile ducts is often responsible. Symptoms of Rare Pancreatic Cancers Islet cell tumors, also called neuroendocrine tumors, arise from the cells in the pancreas that make hormones. Islet cell tumors account for only 1.5% of all pancreas tumors. Like pancreatic adenocarcinoma, islet cell tumors may cause abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. Hormones released by an islet cell tumor can also cause symptoms: Insulinomas (excess insulin): sweating, anxiety, lightheadedness, and fainting from low blood sugar. Glucagonomas (excess glucagon): diarrhea, excessive thirst or urination, weight loss. Gastrinomas (excess gastrin): abdominal pain, nonhealing stomach ulcers, reflux, weight loss. Somatostatinomas (excess somatostatin): diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, foul-smelling fatty stools. VIPomas (excess vasoactive intestinal peptide): abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, facial flushing. Pancreatic Cancers Sneaky Symptoms In a very small number of people with pancreatic cancer, early symptoms might be present that could lead to an earlier diagnosis. Unfortunately, researchers have been unable to identify any predictable pattern. One study that surveyed 305 people with pancreatic cancer illustrated the challenge: About 4% reported having a sudden disgust for preferred tastes (like coffee, smoking, or wine) that preceded other symptoms by more than six months. 5% of people had loss of appetite, a feeling of early fullness with meals, or profound weakness, more than six months before more obvious symptoms developed. 1% of people had attacks of acute pancreatitis more than six months before their diagnosis with pancreatic cancer. The rarity and vagueness of these situations points out the difficulty of using early symptoms to catch pancreatic cancer at an earlier stage. That said, symptoms like weight loss, persistent loss of appetite, yellowing of the eyes or skin, dark urine, or light-colored stools should always prompt concern. Consistent or worsening discomfort, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea are also disconcerting. If you feel somethings not right, see your doctor. MedicineNet, 2013 What are the symptoms and signs of pancreatic cancer? Because the pancreas lies deep in the belly in front of the spine, pancreatic cancer often grows silently for months before it is discovered. Early symptoms can be absent or quite subtle. More easily identifiable symptoms develop once the tumor grows large enough to press on other nearby structures such as nerves (which causes pain), the intestines (which affects appetite and causes nausea along with weight loss), or the bile ducts (which causes jaundice or a yellowing of the skin and can cause loss of appetite and itching). Symptoms in women rarely differ from those in men. Once the tumor sheds cancer cells into the blood and lymph systems and metastasizes, more symptoms usually arise depending on the location of the metastasis. Frequent sites of metastasis for pancreatic cancer include the liver, the lymph nodes, and the lining of the abdomen (called the peritoneum). Unfortunately, most pancreatic cancers are found after the cancer has grown beyond the pancreas or has metastasized to other places. 2013 Pancreatic Cancer UK Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms are diagnostic tools that help doctors to work out what is wrong with someone and make a diagnosis. Symptoms are the things that you are experiencing, e.g. pain or loss of appetite that you will tell your doctor about. Signs are what the doctor can see when they examine someone, e.g. someone wincing when they touch a painful area. Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer doesnt usually give rise to any symptoms or signs in the early stages. This is the main reason it can be so difficult to detect and diagnose. As the cancer grows the symptoms it causes will depend on the type of pancreatic cancerand where it is in the pancreas. Any symptoms people do have can be quite vague and may come and go at first. An example is abdominal pain, which may start off as occasional discomfort before becoming more painful and more frequent. The symptoms can also be a sign of other more common, less serious illnesses. This means that people may end up seeing their GP several times or being sent for a number of different testsbefore pancreatic cancer is even considered. It is important to remember that any of the symptoms described here are common for lots of illnesses and may not be a sign of pancreatic cancer. But if you have persistent unexplained symptoms its important for your GP to refer you for tests to explore what is causing them. It can help to note down the frequency of your symptoms and mention anything unusual you are experiencing, even if it seems unrelated. If your symptoms get worse or you develop any new symptoms suddenly you should always get in touch with your GP. Most common symptoms of pancreatic cancer Most pancreatic cancers are exocrine tumours (90%). Their symptoms can be very vague and depend on whether the tumour is in the head, body or tail of the pancreas. à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Abdominal pain Pain is a symptom in about 70% of pancreatic cancer cases. It often starts as general discomfort or pain in the abdomen (tummy) which can spread to the back. It can be worse after eating or when you are lying down. Sitting forward can sometimes relieve the pain. At first the pain may come and go, but over time it may become more constant. If any of the organs (pancreas, liver or gall bladder) in your abdomen are inflamed or enlarged the area may also be tender to touch. Pain is caused by the cancer affecting nerves or organs near the pancreas. It can also be a result of a tumour causing a blockage in the stomach or duodenum (top part of the small intestines). Jaundice Jaundice occurs in about 50% of pancreatic cancer cases. Its an illness where the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow. Other signs of jaundice include dark urine, pale stools and itchy skin. Jaundice develops when there is a build-up in the blood of a chemical called bilirubin. This chemical is always present in the blood. It usually gets removed from the body in the bile fluid produced by the liver which empties into the small intestines through the bile duct. Cancer growing in the pancreas can block the bile duct so that bile and bilirubin keep building up in the body. This is known as obstructive jaundice. Jaundice can be caused by other non-cancerous conditions, such as a gallstone blocking the bile duct, so its important for all the obvious causes to be explored. Weight loss Losing a lot of weight for no particular reason can be a sign that something is wrong. People may also notice a loss of appetite or changes in what they feel like eating. Pancreatic cancer can affect the ability of the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes that help to digest food. This means that the body cant digest food properly or get the nutrients it needs, leading to weight loss. Weight loss is more common with cancers in the head of the pancreas. Other common symptoms of pancreatic cancer These symptoms are also common, though not everyone will have every symptom. People may have these symptoms before a diagnosis, develop them later on, or perhaps not get them at all. Bowel problems A condition called steatorrhoea (stools that are large, pale, oily, floating and smelly) is a common symptom of diseases of the pancreas. It happens because the cancer affects the production of the enzymes needed to digest food, particularly high fat food. Undigested food passing quickly through the body can also cause diarrhoea and subsequent weight loss. Nausea and vomiting Nausea (feeling sick) and sickness can occur for several different reasons. A tumour can block the bile duct or press on the duodenum, which obstructs digestion. It may also cause inflammation around it in the pancreas, or jaundice. Both of these can lead to a chemical imbalance in the body which can make people feel sick. Fever and shivering If the pancreas is inflamed or the ducts are blocked because of the tumour, this can cause a high temperature and shivering. Diabetes Diabetes can develop if a tumour stops the pancreas from functioning properly. This is because the pancreas produces the hormone insulin which the body needs to regulate the amount of sugar in the blood. People with diabetes often feel extremely thirsty, pass more urine than normal, lose weight and feel weak and lacking in energy. Diabetes is particularly associated with pancreatic cancer in older people. If someone develops late onset diabetes with no other explanation their GP should consider the possibility of pancreatic cancer. Symptoms of endocrine pancreatic tumours Less than 5% of all pancreatic cancers are endocrine tumours, which develop in the hormone producing cells of the pancreas. They are divided into functioning and non-functioning tumours, depending on whether or not they overproduce hormones and cause a chemical syndrome. Most endocrine tumours do not produce a clinical syndrome (non-functioning) so they do not cause specific symptoms. As they grow or spread they may cause pain, jaundice or a lump that can be felt in the abdomen. Some endocrine tumours overproduce hormones and cause a clinical syndrome (functioning). These give rise to different symptoms depending on the type of tumour and the hormone it produces. Gastrinomas overproduce gastrin, which causes peptic ulcers in the stomach or duodenum. Symptoms include severe pain, black tarry stools and diarrhoea. Glucagonomas overproduce glucagon. Symptoms include a specific type of skin rash (redness, ulceration and scabbing), anaemia (lack of red blood cells), weight loss and inflammation inside the cheeks and lips. Insulinomas overproduce insulin, leading to hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar levels). Symptoms may include weakness, drowsiness, dizziness or lack of energy. Somatostatinomasoverproduce somatostatin, which causes gall stones, diabetes, diarrhoea and steatorrhoea. VIPomas overproduce a hormone called vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Symptoms include watery diarrhoea, high blood pressure and flushing of the face. 2009, Nick James and the late Sally Tweddle Pancreatic cancer symptoms This page has information on the symptoms of pancreatic cancer. You can find the following information A quick guide to whats on this page Early symptoms Other symptoms of pancreatic cancer Symptoms from endocrine pancreatic tumours More information Open box A quick guide to whats on this page Pancreatic cancer symptoms The most common type of cancer of the pancreas are exocrine tumours. The symptoms can be quite vague. And they vary depending on where the cancer is in your pancreas in the head, body or tail. Early symptoms can include weight loss, pain in the stomach area, back pain and jaundice. More than half of patients have jaundice when they first go to their doctor. Jaundice without pain is the most common reason for first going to the doctor in patients who have pancreatic cancer that can be removed with surgery. Symptoms of jaundice can include yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, severe itching, darkened urine, and pale coloured stools (bowel motions). Other symptoms There are other symptoms that you can have with cancer of the pancreas. These include diabetes, itching, sickness, change in bowel motions, fever and shivering. There is an uncommon group of pancreatic tumours called neuroendocrine tumours. About a third of these produce hormones. The symptoms are different for each type, depending on the hormone the tumour makes. You can view and print the quick guides for all the pages in the about pancreatic cancer section. Back to top Early symptoms The commonest types of cancer of the pancreas are exocrine tumours. The symptoms can be quite vague. And they vary depending on where the cancer is in your pancreas in the head, body or tail. Early symptoms can include Weight loss Pain in the stomach area Jaundice More early symptoms Weight loss People diagnosed with pancreatic cancer may have recently lost a lot of weight (at least 10% of their total body weight) for no apparent reason. This symptom is more common in cancers of the head of the pancreas. Pain in the stomach area About 7 out of 10 people with pancreatic cancer first go to their doctors because they have pain. Pain is more common in cancers of the body and tail of the pancreas. People describe it as a dull pain that feels as if it is boring into you. It can begin in the stomach area and spread around to the back. The pain is worse when you lie down and is better if you sit forward. It can be worse after meals. Your abdomen may also be generally tender or painful if your liver, pancreas or gallbladder are inflamed or enlarged. Jaundice More than half of patients have jaundice when they first go to their doctors. Jaundice is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. The urine is darker than normal and bowel motions may be lighter in colour. Jaundice is more common with cancer of the head of the pancreas because the tumour blocks the bile duct. This tube carries bile into the duodenum. If it is blocked the bile ends up in your bloodstream instead. Bile contains a lot of yellow pigments so it turns the skin yellow. Jaundice is a common symptom of many liver and gallbladder diseases. It is often easier to spot in the whites of the eyes rather than the skin. More early symptoms Other early symptoms might include loss of appetite and back pain. Back to top Other symptoms of pancreatic cancer There are other symptoms that you can have with cancer of the pancreas. You may have any of these symptoms from before you are diagnosed. Or you may develop them later. Of course, you may not have all of them. Not everyone has every symptom. But these non specific symptoms are common in pancreatic cancer. You may have Diabetes Itching Sickness Bowel changes Fever and shivering Diabetes Some people diagnosed with cancer of the pancreas are found to be newly diabetic. Some have been diagnosed with diabetes within the previous year. If you have diabetes you are not producing enough insulin. So there is too much sugar in your blood. The sugar is passed out of the body in the urine and takes a great deal of water with it. This causes Thirst Passing a lot of urine Weakness Weight loss and hunger Itching You may have itching if you have bad jaundice. The bile salts in the bloodstream cause itching in the skin. Sickness You may feel or be sick because you have jaundice or an inflamed pancreas. Both these conditions upset the delicate chemical balance of the body, which can make you sick. You may also be sick if the cancer, or inflammation around it, is beginning to block the duodenum. This will stop digested food from passing through to the small bowel. Bowel changes Again, if you have jaundice you may develop a symptom called steatorrhoea. This means fatty stools. You may pass frequent, large bowel motions that are pale coloured and smelly. These bowel disturbances can mean that you are not absorbing your food properly. So this may be a cause of weight loss. Fever and shivering You may have a temperature from time to time because you have jaundice or an inflamed pancreas. When your temperature is high you may feel cold and shivery. Back to top Symptoms from endocrine pancreatic tumours Endocrine pancreatic tumours are uncommon. They are also called neuroendocrine tumours. About a third of these pancreatic tumours produce hormones (functional tumours). The symptoms are different for each type, depending on the hormone the tumour produces. They are Insulinoma Gastrinoma Somatostatinoma VIPoma Glucagonoma Insulinomas Insulinomas produce too much insulin, causing weakness, loss of energy, dizziness and drowsiness. Gastrinomas Gastrinomas produce too much gastrin, causing peptic ulcers in the stomach or duodenum. This leads to severe pain, bleeding causing black tarry stools (faeces), and diarrhoea. Somatostatinomas Somatostatinomas produce too much of a hormone called somatostatin. This causes gallstones, diabetes and diarrhoea with bulky fatty and smelly stools (steatorrhoea). VIPomas VIPomas produce too much of a hormone called VIP. This causes a great deal of watery diarrhoea, flushing of the face, and high blood pressure. Glucagonomas Glucagonomas produce too much of a hormone called glucagon. This causes a very specific type of skin rash (redness, ulceration and scabbing), anaemia, mouth ulcers and diarrhoea. About two thirds of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours do not produce hormones and so do not cause specific symptoms. As these tumours get larger or spread they may cause symptoms such as pain, a lump in the abdomen or jaundice. The average general health article on pancreatic cancer states flatly that there are no early symptoms of pancreatic cancer. People diagnosed with pancreatic cancer are typically already in the advanced stage of the disease by the time its caught, and the typical prognosis is death within five years. With pancreatic cancer much on everyones mind due to the untimely death of Steve Jobs, it seems like a good time to ask the question thats on all of our minds:Are there any early warning signs of pancreatic cancer? The answer is yes, there are. But to understand these signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer, its important to understand where the pancreas is, and what it does. Located deep inside the abdomen, the pancreas is only 4 to 6 inches long and shaped like a tadpole. In the tail of the pancreas are cells that produce insulin, and tumors at this end are usually endocrine tumors. Theyre easier to diagnose, but are much rarer. At the other end, the head of the pancreas, are cells that produce digestive enzymes, and tumors at this end are called exocrine tumors. These are by far the most common, and are much more difficult to detect. However, the idea that a pancreatic tumor is asymptomatic is a bit of a myth. Dig deep into journal articles and ask patients what they remember and the result is a long list of odd signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer to watch out for. Taken one by one, these symptoms could mean many things. But if you find yourself experiencing two or three of these early warning signs of pancreatic cancer, call your doctor and ask for a scan. Imaging techniques such as MRIs can detect pancreatic cancer some of the time, depending on the location of the tumor. Early Warning Signs of Pancreatic Cancer Diabetes, especially if it comes on suddenly. Recently, the Mayo Clinic published startling research showing that 40 percent of pancreatic cancer patients had been diagnosed with diabetes one to two years before discovering they had a pancreatic tumor. Researchers believe the diabetes is caused by tumors that simply havent been detected yet. The problem is, diabetes is very common, and the majority of diabetes isnt pancreatic cancer, so doctors are trying to develop screening tools to tell the difference. Right now, they say family history is an important clue. If youre diagnosed with diabetes that seems to come on suddenly and you have no family history of diabetes, bring this to your doctors attention and ask for further screening for pancreatic cancer. Yellowing of the eyes or skin. Even a small pancreatic tumor can block the bile duct in the head of the pancreas, causing bile to build up. This causes jaundice. Itchy skin, palms, and soles of feet. A little-known side-effect of jaundice is itchy hands and feet. Its due to a skin reaction to the bilirubin, the yellowish brown liver chemical that causes jaundice. Lack of appetite. An Italian study found that six to eight months before being diagnosed with pancreatic tumors, patients reported a sudden drop in their appetite and a tendency to feel full after eating very little. Changes in taste. In the same Italian study, some of the patients surveyed said theyd suddenly lost their taste for coffee, wine, and smoking. In fact, they said, they felt disgust for the smell and taste of coffee and alcohol. Abdominal pain. Pancreatic cancer sufferers remember this pain as a gnawing pain, rather than a sharp cramp or ache, and it radiates toward the back. A characteristic clue: the pain goes away when you lean forward. An enlarged gall bladder. The same blockage of the bile duct that causes jaundice can also cause an enlarged gallbladder, as the bile builds up behind the duct. The good news is that an enlarged gallbladder can be seen on imaging tests, and it may even be possible for a doctor to feel it during a physical exam. Pale, floating, smelly stools. If a pancreatic tumor prevents digestive enzymes from reaching the intestine, the result is an inability to digest fatty foods. So you end up with loose, smelly floaters as a result of the excess fat. Doctors say this symptom, in particular, can be an early clue and is too often overlooked. Dark, tarry stools. Bleeding in the upper intestines causes this symptom. Sudden, unexplained weight loss. Weight loss is not always, as many people mistakenly believe, a sign of advanced cancer thats spread to the liver. It can also happen because a lack of pancreatic enzymes is causing fat to pass through the body undigested. What do you do if youre worried about any of these symptoms? Document all symptoms, and report them to your doctor in as much detail as possible. If your doctor is convinced you have legitimate concerns (and remember, you may have to do some convincing) tests such as an ultrasound, a CT scan, and an endoscopy followed by a biopsy can be used to search for a pancreatic tumor. Theres also a blood test for a biomarker called CA-19-9 that can be used in conjunction with other tests to diagnose pancreatic cancer early. While tragic early deaths like Steve Jobs are the hard reality of pancreatic cancer, there are also people living productive lives thanks to an early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Such was the case with Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, whos still practicing after having a tiny pancreatic tumor surgically removed. Yes, she got lucky, as she put it but she also got a CT scan, which is how the tumor was found. Further Reading: Islet Cell Tumors (Endocrine Pancreas) Treatment (PDQ ®) Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation for Diabetes-Topic Overview Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation for Diabetes-Related Information Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumor Islet Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas) Islet Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas) Islet Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas) See All Islet Cell Tumors Topics

In Favor of the Network Cap :: Internet Technology Essays

In Favor of the Network Cap Iowa State’s internet administrators had a problem: several computers around campus had been being used as Internet servers for illegitimate data distribution, and these select computers were using a severe amount of bandwidth on the ISU student network. The undeniable fact is that these are students illegally serving copyrighted software and media to people outside the ISU network, and they are taking up an extreme proportion of the network’s available bandwidth. Although this abuse had not yet caused consistent detrimental network problems for many users, the problem was getting worse, and AIT’s network cap decision has halted it. AIT’s 500 megabyte network cap is justified. Warez servers on the ISU campus send out a huge amount of data and slow the network down. We should be greedy about our network speed because our tuition is paying for ISU’s internet connection. It is true that an alternative method, such as filters based on complex data rate monitoring algorithms, might do a better job preventing the warez servers network abuse, and keep many intensive users from protest. But such measures are likely unfeasible, due to limitations of AIT’s network software, and time limitations of AIT network analysts. If the 500 meg cap does indeed cause real problems for a number of legitimate users, investigation of these other methods can be pursued. The 500 megabyte cap was a good and timely solution. Those who disagree with the cap argue that it would affect their legitimate network usage, such as Quake 3 game servers, or people with websites that they serve from their own computers. Instances where these users will actually peak 500 megs in a day are rare, however. Even a moderately trafficked user web site might never send 100 megabytes a day; the simple reality is that 500 megs per day is, 99% of the time, only surpassed when a user is illegally serving a large amount of data such as music, movies, retail software, or pornography to a large audience. This is precisely the user that clogs the bandwidth for those of us who need it to get work done, and this is precisely the type of network abuse that the network cap targets.

Charlotte’s Web Paper Essay

Charlotte’s Web is a magnificent children novel written by an American author E.B.White about a friendship between a spider and a pig. This story then became very famous and won several awards so it is decided that to produce a film based on the Charlotte’s Web story. Although the film and the book had a similar story line, it still got some minor differences among them that may change the excitement of the story. First of all, the differences among the book and the film is that in the book, a girl called Fern, who saved a runty pig named Wilbur from her father who was trying to use an axe to kill him, got to school and thought of him all day long. However, in the film, Fern brought Wilbur to school and got in trouble by Wilbur knocking off her table which was causing a chaos. This made it more exciting rather than just sitting down and thinking of Wilbur. Moreover, in the film, there are two crows wanting to eat Templeton, an uncooperative rat. Whereas the book did not have two crows c hasing Templeton. The chase was very funy. This made the film more interesting and more hilarious and would made the audience like this movie more. Furthermore, in the book, the horse is not mentioned to be afraid of Charlotte. Yet in the film, the horse was really scared of Charlotte. Whenever he saw Charlotte, he ran around in circles crazily, faint, cry, or even panic. This will make the audience clearly remember this character or even make some children laugh. Last but not least, in the book, there is no smoke house in Zuckerman’s barn. On the other hand, in the film, there is a smoke house and Wilbur is very scared of it because it will turn him into smoke bacon and ham. This would grab the audiences’ attention. Therefore, from all the differences listed above, It is obiously that the film is better than the book because it is more attracting.